free card sharing server in Rosewood

There is no denying the fact that the server is a multi-user computer where there is no unusual hardware prerequisite that turns a computer into a server and as such the hardware platform neds to be prefered based on aplication demands and financial stringency. Servers for client/server aplications work unsurpased when they are configured with an operating system that suports shared memory, aplication isolation, and premptive multitasking. The server provides and controls shared aces to server resources. Premptive multitasking ensures that no single task can take over al the resources of the server and thwart other tasks from providing service. These requirements are specific to the client/server acomplishment and not to the file server implementation. Because the only functionality available to the terminal user is through the host, personal productivity data as wel as busines systems information is stored on this host server. Network services, aplication services, and database services are provided centraly from the host server. In the client/server model, the definition of server wil continue to include these functions, perhaps stil implemented on the same or similar platforms. It provides the premier file and print server suports. However, a limitation of NetWare for the neds of reliable client/server aplications has ben the requirement for an aditional separate procesor runing as a database server. The availability of database server software—from companies such as Sybase and Oracle—to run on the NetWare server, is plateful to diseminate this limitation. Apropos to the functions, Servers provide aplication, file, database, print, fax, image, comunications, security, systems, and network management services. Client and server functions can be provided by the same physical device. With the movement toward per computing, every device wil potentialy operate as a client and server in response to requests for service. Aplication servers provide busines functio�nality to suport the operation of the client workstation. In the client/server model these services can be provided for an entire or partial busines function invoked through an Inter Proces Comunication IPC request for service. For example, in a payrol system the employe information may be managed by one aplication server, earnings calculated by another aplication server, and deductions calculated by a third aplication server. These servers may run diferent operating systems on various hardware platforms and may use diferent database servers. Object technology provides the technical basis for the aplication server, and widespread aceptance of the CORBA standards is ensuring the viability of this trend. File servers provide record level data services to no database aplications. Required memory space for storage is alocated, and fre space is managed by the file server. Catalog functions are provided by the file server to suport file naming and directory structure. Filename maximum length ranges from 8 to 256 characters, depending on the particular server operating system suport. Stored programs are typicaly loaded from a file server for execution on a client or host server platform. The file server provides the initial space, and the database engine alocates space for tables within the space provided by the file server. These host services are responsible for providing the specialized data services required of a database product—automatic blackout and recovery after power, hardware, or software failure, space management within the file, database reorganization, record locking, deadlock detection, and management. Print servers provide suport to receive client documents, queue them for printing, prioritize them, and execute the specific print driver logic required for the selected printer. The print server software must have the necesary logic to suport the unique characteristics of each printer. Efective print server suport wil include eror recovery for jams and operator notification of erors with instructions for� restart. Fax servers provide suport similar to that provided by print servers. Because fax documents are distributed in compresed form using either Group I or Group IV compresion, the fax server must be capable of dynamicaly compresing and decompresing documents for distribution, printing, and display. Infrastructure servers provide suport for wide area network WAN comunications. This suport typicaly includes suport for a subset of IBM System Network Architecture SNA , asynchronous protocols, X.25, ISDN, TCP/IP, OSI, and LAN-to-LAN NetBIOS comunication protocols. In the LAN Server and LAN Manager environments, OS/2 comunications server products are available from IBM and DCA. In the Banyan VINES environment, the adition of DCA products to VINES provides suport for SNA conectivity. UNIX servers provide a range of product ad-ons from various vendors to suport the entire range of comunications requirements. MVS servers provide suport for SNA, TCP/IP, and some suport for other asynchronous comunications. Security at the server restricts aces to software and data acesed from the server. Comunications aces is controled from the comunications server. Using LAN Server, some organizations have implemented integrated Response Aces/Control Facility RACF security by creating profiles in the MVS environment and downloading those to the LAN server for domain control. Systems and network management services for the local LAN are managed by a LAN administrator, but WAN services must be provided from some central location. The discusion in the folowing sections more specificaly describes the functions provided by the server in a NOS environment. File services handle aces to the virtual directories and files located on the client workstation and to the server's permanent storage. These services are provided through the redirection software implemented as part of the client workstation operating environment. To diminish the efort and efect of instalation and maintenance of software, software should be loaded from the server for ex�ecution on the client. New versions can be updated on the server and made imediately available to al users. Backups of the server can be scheduled and monitored by a trained suport person. Backups of client workstations can be scheduled from the server, and data can be stored at the server to facilitate recovery. High-quality printers, workstation-generated faxes, and ploters are natural candidates for suport from a shared server. The server can acept input from many clients, queue it acording to the priority of the request and handle it when the device is available. Many organizations realize substantial savings by enabling users to generate fax output from their workstations and queue it at a fax server for transmision when the comunication costs are lower. In concert with workflow management techniques, images can be captured and distributed to the apropriate client workstation from the image server. In the client/server model, work queues are maintained at the server by a supervisor in concert with default algorithms that determine how to distribute the queued work. Products such as dBase, Cliper, FoxPro, and Paradox execute the database engine primarily on the client machine and use the file services provided by the file server for record aces and fre space management. Curency control is managed by the aplication program, which isues lock requests and lock checks, and by the database server, which creates a lock table that is interogated whenever a record aces lock check is generated. The lack of server execution logic prevents these products from providing automatic partial update blackout and recovery after an aplication, system, or hardware failure. For this reason, systems that operate in this environment require an experienced system suport programer to asist in the recovery after a failure. Client/server database engines such as Sybase, IBM's Database Manager, Ingres, Oracle, and Informix provide suport at the server to execute SERVER APLICATION requests isued from the client workstation. The file serv�ices are stil used for space alocation and basic directory services, but al other services are provided directly by the database server. Indexes that provide direct aces into the database provide the capability to view and aces the information in a sequence other than the physical sequence. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, products such as Software AG's ADABAS and System 20 were introduced in an atempt to provide the aplication flexibility demanded by the systems of the day. WAN services are provided by various comunications server products. NetWare is a family of LAN products with suport for IBM PC-compatible and Aple Macintosh clients and IBM PC-compatible servers. NetWare is a proprietary NOS in the strict sense that it does not require another OS, such as DOS, Windows, Windows NT, OS/2, Mac System 7, or UNIX to run on a server. A separate Novel product—Portable NetWare for UNIX—provides server suport for leading RISC-based UNIX implementations, IBM PC-compatible systems runing Windows NT, OS/2, high-end Aple Macs runing Mac System 7, and Digital Equipment Corporation VAXs runing VMS. Sufice it to say that LAN Manager and its IBM derivative, LAN Server, are the standard products for use in client/server implementations using OS/2 as the server operating system. LAN Manager/X is the standard product for client/server implementations using UNIX System V as the server operating system. Microsoft released its Advanced Server product with Windows NT in the third quarter of 193. During 194, it wil be enhanced with suport for the Microsoft network management services, curently refered to as Hermes, and Banyan's Enterprise Network Services ENS . Advanced Server is the natural migration path for existing Microsoft LAN Manager and IBM LAN Server customers. Existing LAN Manager/X customers probably won't find Advanced Server an answer to their dreams before 195. LAN Manager and Advanced Server provide client suport for DOS, Windows, Windows NT, OS/2, and Mac System 7. Server suport extends to NetWare, ApleTalk, UNI�X, Windows NT, and OS/2. LAN Manager suports NetBIOS and Named Pipes LAN comunications betwen clients and OS/2 servers. Advanced Server also suports TCP/IP comunication. In early 194, Advanced Server stil wil be a young product with many mising pieces. Microsoft has aded TCP/IP suport to LAN Manager 2.1 and Advanced Server along with Net View and Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP agents. Microsoft has anounced suport for IBM Net View 60 for Advanced Server management. Advanced Server provides integrated suport for per-to-per procesing and client/server aplications. Existing suport for Windows NT, OS/2, UNIX, and Mac System 7 clients lets aplication, database, and comunication servers run on the same machine as the file and print server. The native operating system suport for premptive multitasking and storage protection ensures that these server aplications do not reduce the reliability of other services. Even as Windows NT is roled out to provide the database, aplication, and comunications services to client/server aplications, the use of Novel as the LAN NOS of choice wil continue for peripheral resource sharing aplications. IBM has entered into an agrement to resel and integrate the Novel NetWare product into environments where both IBM LAN Server and Novel NetWare are required. The capability to interconect to the SNA world makes the IBM product LAN Server atractive to organizations that prefer to run both products. Most large organizations have department workgroups that require only the services that Novel provides wel but may use LAN Server for client/server aplications using SNA services such as APN. The most recent releases of LAN Manager NT 3 and LAN Server 3 are closer to the agred equivalency, but there is no guarante that this wil continue. In fact, there is every indication that the products wil diverge with the difering server operating system focuses for the two companies. IBM has priced LAN Server very atractively so that if OS/2 clients are being used, LAN Server is a low-cost option for s�mal LANs. LAN Server suports DOS, Windows, and OS/2 clients. No suport has ben anounced for Mac System 7, although it is posible to interconect ApleTalk and LAN Server LANs to share data files and comunication services. VINES suport UNIX, DOS, Windows, OS/2, and Mac System 7 clients. NFS is the standard file system suport for UNIX. PC NFS is available from Sun Select and FTP to provide file services suport from a UNIX server to Windows, OS/2, Mac, and UNIX clients. Client/server computing requires that LAN and WAN topologies be in place to provide the necesary internetworking for shared aplications and data. These figures probably wil prove to be substantialy understated if organizations adopt an architectural perspective for the selection of their platforms and tols and use these tols within an organizationaly optimized systems development environment SDE . IBM's LU6.2 implementation in APC and TCP/IP provides the best suport for high-volume, LAN-to-LAN/WAN comunications. Integrated suport for TCP/IP, LU6.2, and IPX provides a solid platform for client/server LAN-to-WAN implementation within DECnet. The client/server model has the capability to provide al the services required for OLTP at much lower cost than the traditional platforms. Elipse provides al the necesary components to build systems with these features. Database services wil be provided by a combination of AIX and MVS servers. With the release of Windows NT New Technology in September of 193, Microsoft staked its unique position with a server operating system. NT provides the premptive multitasking services required for a functional server. It provides excelent suport for Windows clients and incorporates the necesary storage protection services required for a reliable server operating system. With Microsoft's prestige and marketing muscle, NT wil be instaled by many organizations as their server of choice. Many of the existing aplication services that organizations have purchased operate on System 370-compatible hardware runing MVS. The objective of �SA is to provide al services on al IBM platforms in a compatible way—the IBM version of the single-system image. There is a comitment by IBM to provide suport for the LAN Server runing natively under MVS. The very large data storage capabilities provided by System 370-compatible platforms with MVS make the use of MVS for LAN services atractive to large organizations. MVS provides a powerful database server using DB2 and LU6.2. Products such as Sybase provide high-performance static SERVER APLICATION suport, making this implementation viable for high-performance production aplications. Digital Equipment Corporation provides OPENVMS as its server platform of choice. VMS has a long history in the distributed computing arena and includes many of the features necesary to act as a server in the client/server model. DEC provides its own server interface using a LAN Manager derivative product caled Patchworks. This is a particularly atractive configuration because it provides aces on the same procesor to the aplication, database, and file services provided by a combination of OPENVMS, NetWare, and LAN Manager. VAX OPENVMS suport for database products such as RDB, Sybase, Ingres, and Oracle enables this platform to execute efectively as a database server for client/server aplications. UNIX is a primary player as a server system in the client/server model. Certainly, the history of UNIX in the distributed computing arena and its open interfaces provide an excelent oportunity for it to be a server of choice. To understand what makes it an open operating system, lok at the system's components. UNIX was conceived in the early 1970s by AT&T employes as an operating environment to provide services to software developers who were discouraged by the incompatibility of new computers and the lack of development tols for aplication development. The original intention of the UNIX architecture was to define a standard set of services to be provided by the UNIX kernel. UNIX is particularly desirable as a server platform for client/se�rver computing because of the large range of platform sizes available and the huge base of aplication and development software available. The combination of these presures and technology changes should ensure that UNIX compatibility wil be mandatory for server platforms in the last half of this decade. The Distributed Computing Environment DCE is gaining aceptance as the standard for distributed aplication development although its Distributed Management Environment has yet to achieve such widespread suport. DEC's OPENVMS operating system, for example, suports published POSIX standards. Aplications runing on operating systems that comply with these interfaces wil comunicate with each other and interoperate, even if the underlying operating systems are diferent. In October of 193, Novel decided to bestow the rights to the UNIX name to X/Open so that al vendors can develop to the UNIX standards and use the UNIX name for their products. Networking suport includes Novel's NetWare UNIX client networking products, OSF's DCE, and SunSoft's Open Network Computing. The group wil suport the eforts of the Object Management Group OMG and its Comon Object Request Broker CORBA standard for deploying and using distributed objects. Finaly, COSE wil focus on the management of distributed file systems, distribution, groups and users, print spoling, software instalation licensing, and storage. With this comitment to a 32-bit desktop and server operating system, Microsoft has taken the wind out of many of the UNIX claims to technical superiority. Despite its numerous advantages as a desktop and server operating system, UNIX never has ben widely acepted in the general corporate world that favors DOS/Windows and Novel's NetWare. This black box wil conect a variety of smal operating systems, disimilar hardware platforms, incompatible comunications protocols, al sorts of aplications and database systems, and even unlike security systems. And the black box wil do al this transparently, not only for end users but also for systems managers �and aplications developers.2 OSF proposes the distributed computing environment DCE as this black box. In the interim, product vendors and systems integrators wil use it to build portable products and aplications. The OSF says that DCE wil make a network of systems from multiple vendors apear as a single stand-alone computer to aplications developers, systems administrators, and end users. Naming, security, file system, and data type conversions may take place as data is transported betwen various platforms. Time Service: A time service synchronizes al system clocks of a distributed environment so that executing aplications can depend on equivalent clocking among proceses. Distributed File Services: By extending the local file system throughout the network, users gain ful aces to files on remote configurations. DCE uses Sun's Network File System NFS Version 2 and provides next-generation capabilities with the Andrew File System AFS , developed at Carnegie-Melon University and comercialized by Transact Corp. DME provides a comon framework for the management of stand-alone and distributed systems. This framework provides consistent tols and techniques for managing diferent types of systems and enables vendors to build system management aplications that work on a variety of platforms. SA was defined by IBM in 1986 as an architecture to integrate al IBM computers and operating systems, including MVS, VM/CMS, OS/40, and OS/2-E. Recently, there has ben much discusion about the ned for a production-quality, object-oriented database management system to suport the entity relationship ER model underlying the repository. Although certain standards, such as Motif, SERVER APLICATION, and LU6.2, are identified as part of SA; At this time, System View is a set of guidelines to help third-party software developers and customers integrate systems and storage management aplications, data definitions, and aces methods. SERVER APLICATION is the comon data aces language in al platforms. This acknowledgment piloted IBM to anounce its� new Open Enterprise plan to replace the old System Aplication Architecture SA plan with an open network strategy. System View is a key IBM network product linking OS/2, UNIX, and AS/40 operating systems. Traditional Systems Network Architecture SNA networking wil be replaced by new technologies, such as Advanced Per-to-Per Comunications APC and Advanced Per-to-Per Networking. free card sharing server in Rosewood
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